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Rats are typically distinguished from mice by their size; usually have squat bodies and short limbs. The skull and nasal bones are relatively narrow. The forelimbs usually have five digits and walk on both the palms and soles of their feet, with claw-like nails. They are characterized by a single pair of unremittingly growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws, they do not stop growing. They use their sharp incisors to gnaw food, excavate burrows and defend themselves. Rats have also long, sensitive whiskers or vibrissae for touch.
The tail length is usually greater than the length of the rest of the body and is also used for balance. The ears are large, such as the tail. Males tend to weigh more and be longer than females. Despite being known for mouse-black, its coat can present shades of other colors, mostly brown and gray.
