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The plant cell is encased in a cell wall that maintains its shape and provides structural support. Beneath the cell wall lies a bilayered cytoplasmic membrane. Within the cell are various organelles, including the nucleus, which regulates cellular activities, the endoplasmic reticulum, which synthesizes proteins, mitochondria, responsible for energy production, and the cytoskeleton, which maintains cell structure. Vacuoles, filled with liquid, are typically components of plant cells. Chloroplasts, essential for photosynthesis, are crucial organelles that enable the plant to convert sunlight into energy.
