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**Description:** Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate is an essential coenzyme involved in redox reactions within cells. It is composed of nicotinamide, D-ribose, and adenosine, with an additional phosphate group attached. It exists in two forms: the oxidized form (NADP⁺) and the reduced form (NADPH). The reduced form (NADPH) can be oxidized by donating two protons and two electrons to the pyridine ring of the nicotinamide group. **Photosynthesis function:** In the first phase of photosynthesis, NADP⁺ is reduced to NADPH (NADP⁺ + H⁺ + 2e⁻ → NADPH). During the second phase (the Calvin cycle), NADPH serves as a reducing agent, oxidizing itself to reduce substrates in biosynthetic reactions.
