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A cylinder is one of the most basic curvilinear geometric shapes, defined by a surface formed by points at a fixed distance from a given line segement, i.e., the axis of the cylinder. The solid enclosed by this surface, along with the two planes perpendicular to the axis, is also referred to as a cylinder. The surface area and the volume of a cylinder have been understood since ancient times.
**Mathematical formulas**:
Volume of a cylinder:
V = πr²v
Surface area of a cylinder:
A = 2πr(r + v)
