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An important function of the leaf is to perform photosynthesis, the process of converting water and CO₂ into sugars and oxygen. Water is transported to the leaf through the xylem of the vascular bundle, while sugars are carried away by the phloem. Photosynthesis primarily occurs in the numerous chloroplasts within the palisade parenchyma. Below this layer lies the spongy parenchyma, which facilitates the easy passage of water and gases. Gas exchange is managed by stomata located in the epidermis, and the outer surface of the epidermis is covered by a cuticle that provides isolation and protection for the leaf. ## Keywords anatomy structure leaf structure cross-section
