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The English oak is a hardy deciduous tree with a trunk covered in deeply grooved, dark gray-brown bark. Its fruit, the acorn, is set in a woody cupule and is as an essential winter food source for various animals. In fall, the green chlorophyll in the oak's lobed leaves breaks down, leaving behind melanin, which produces a brown color; some leaves remain on the tree through winter until spring. Oak wood is prized for making wine barrels, and galls from oak trees have historically been used to produce durable ink. ## Keywords vascular plants eudicots Fagales Fagaceae oak
