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The black alder thrives along stream banks and in wetlands, forming a mutual relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which enriches the soil and enables the alder to grow in nutrient-poor environments. As a pioneer species, it readily colonizes vacant land and is often used to stabilize river and stream banks. Its buds and young leaves are sticky, and both male and female flowers are produced in catkins, while its fruit resembles a small cone. Various species of lichen commonly grow on black alder. ## Keywords vascular plants angiosperms eudicots Fagales Betulaceae alder
