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Speakers are electro-acoustic transducers, ie. a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy in the form of sound. Usually, they consist of a diaphragm, a driver fed with the input signal and other parts.
High-quality sound transmission usually requires the widest possible transmitted frequency range, preferably in the entire audible frequency range (20 Hz to 20 kHz). For transmission of low frequencies, the speaker should have a rigid diaphragm of large dimensions, which means a quite considerable weight of the oscillating parts, conversely, for the transmission of high frequencies is necessary to have a very lightweight membrane. Therefore, it is advantageous to transmit the entire desired frequency range by using multiple transducers which are optimally adapted for partial, relatively narrow frequency bands. Combination of these transducers then make a speaker system that often includes also the auxiliary audio circuitry, and other electronic parts (supply connectors, crossovers, amplifiers etc.).
Woofer (bass) speakers
Range 20‒1500 Hz (a low frequency with a large diameter) or 35‒5000 Hz (regular bass or so-called Woofer).
The basic premise for bass speakers is a big stroke of the diaphragm, small suspension stiffness and low self-resonance of the speaker. Deflection of the diaphragm is reaching up to 5 mm. The upper hinge of the diaphragm is made of rubber, foam rubber, polyurethane, sometimes impregnated textiles. The membranes are usually made of paper, less frequently plastic, sometimes metal or sandwich. The housing of the speaker is made of sheet metal or aluminium alloy, exceptionally plastic (for small dimensions).
Averages speakers have around 150‒600 mm in diameter (stated usually in inches).
Tweeters (height) speakers
The range is typically from 2 000 to 20 000 Hz and sometimes more.
The membrane is not generally cone-shaped due to requirements of the widest emission, but usually in a shape of a spherical cap, dome or horn. The diameter of the membrane is usually 30 mm.
Membrane materials can be plastics, knitted fabrics (silk), the sandwich structure (metal layer is steamed on the textile base), metal (titanium, aluminium), ceramics, aerogels and similar materials.
*LICENSES AND ATTRIBUTIONS
Free Music Archive: Josh Woodward - Show Me (Instrumental Version): taken from - http://freemusicarchive.org/music/Josh_Woodward/Addressed_to_the_Stars_1995/JoshWoodward-ShowMe-NoVox_1239 Author: Josh Woodward http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/*
